Journal of the stylistic of Persian poem and prose
volume Number 17، number In Volume 8، November 2024 ، issue Number 102

Manifestations of literary and social criticism in Indian style

Azim Rostamian , Abolghasem Amirahmadi (Author in Charge), Seyyed Ali Akbar

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Literature and literary works are always subject to political and social events, and the orientations and issues raised in literature are affected by important changes in society. It is the combination of these factors that provides the basis for examining the impact of social events in literature. One of the issues that can be investigated in Persian literature from the point of view of sociology is critical and aggressive literature and its social contexts. The Safavid era or the Indian style is one of the most important areas for these criticisms. The purpose of this article is to examine the manifestations of literary and social criticism in the poetry of five of the most famous poets of this period, namely Saeb Tabrizi, Kalim Kashani, Naziri Neishabouri, Taleb Amoli, and Qudsi Mashhadhi.

METHODOLOGY:The method of this research is descriptive-analytical with library study tools.

FINDINGS: Among these poets, moral criticisms can be observed in the poetry of Saeb Tabrizi. In fact, the arrowhead of Saeb"s criticisms in the social field has targeted most of the moral issues and dilemmas. Kalim Kashani has expressed the most criticism of the appearance-worshipping Sufis in his poems. He believes that the claimants of asceticism are more interested in wealth accumulation than worship. After Kalim, Saeb Tabrizi has considered the most protests against this group.

CONCLUSION: The most important issues raised in the poetry of this period, which are related to the field of literary criticism, include emphasizing the superiority of meaning over words, complaining about the stagnation of poetry, the lack of knowledgeable and fair poets, boasting, and poetic self-deprecation and regret for writing poetry. As it is known, many of these criticisms are of a literary-social nature and their origin is the anti-poetry of the Safavid rulers. In contrast to complaining and criticizing the unfavorable situation of poetry and poetry, boasting also has a special place in the poetry of this period. It can be said that in this period, bragging is used as a defensive and even offensive tool of poets against the unfavorable position of poetry and lack of support from the government.

Keyword
Social criticism , literary criticism , poetry , 11th century , Indian style , Safavid era

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